Over the last few years, a discussion on sleep has emerged into popular consciousness, largely due to an increasing literature base showing its importance, and the media’s willingness to write about these findings. Also, sleep science makes for great stories. People are fascinated by the subject, which makes complete sense: we spend one-third of our lives in this largely unconscious state, and when sleep is inadequate, there is a decisive and immediate price paid. Back in May of this year, I had the honor to give a presentation entitled Sleep, Productivity, and Peak Performance at a CEO summit in Manhattan. Venture capital firm, Firstmark Capital, organized the summit for approximately 75 CEOs in their portfolio of funded companies, including greats like Dashlane, Shopify, Lumocity, and many others. I spoke first in the day and after me spoke Stephen Dubner of Freakonomics. He regaled the audience with his story of Takeru Kobayashi or “Kobi”, who smashed the world record for hot dogs eaten at Nathan’s Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest. It’s so much fun to listen to a great story teller do his thing. Here a short excerpt of it here:

The lessons taught by Dubner through his story are highly relevant to people (or companies) trying to solve any problem, including managing your health. When you’re trying to do something better or different than has ever been done before:

1. Redefine the problem, or seek to ask the question in a different way. For example, don’t ask how you can eat more hot dogs, but rather ask how you can eat one hot dog most efficiently. How can you reframe the issue you’re working on?
2. Find the barriers. As Kobi approached the problem of how to eat more hot dogs than ever before at this competition, he gave no ‘mental allegiance’ to the previous record. He just focused on the process of how best to eat one hot dog, and then how to repeat that most efficiently. Some barriers are real, but some are perceived. Perceived barriers still have the ability to limit performance, so as you approach solving the issue, be mindful of how you consciously frame limits and restrictions in your mind.

Dubner and I had the chance to connect before he left that day, and it just so happened that he was in the middle of producing a two-part podcast series on sleep. He invited me to be interviewed, and we recorded the very next week. True to form, the production crew did an excellent job assembling a great story from the various interviews they conducted, which you can hear in part 1 and part 2.

I recently participated in the Freakonomics Radio show on the importance of sleep. Check out this blog for more thoughts on the subject! Click To Tweet

 

The Freakonomics of sleep: sleep deprivation and cognitive deficits

One of the interviews Dubner conducted was with David Dinges, PhD, who is the Chief of the Division of Sleep and Chronobiology in the Department of Psychiatry at the Perlman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Dinges spoke to several things I discussed in detail in my Firstmark Capital presentation, particularly, the dose-response effects of sleep loss on neurocognitive functioning. In other words, the less sleep you get, the worse you’re likely to perform at a variety of cognitive tasks. Here is a direct excerpt from the interview:

DINGES: [After inadequate sleep] attention becomes unstable, we have trouble thinking fast, cognitive processing speed is markedly reduced. Short-term memory begins to fail. We can’t hold things in our memory as well as when we’re full alert. The less sleep we gave people at night, so if went from seven or eight hours a night down to six or five, the more we got this cumulative rate of build-up of these deficits. They got worse every day. When the sleep got very short, down to four hours or three hours, they got worse every day very rapidly and very dramatically. So there was a dose-response function. The less sleep you got chronically, the more rapidly you deteriorated.

Dinges then drilled down into how these sleep-deprived cognitive lapses affect our attention, and how we may try to compensate with our behavior.

So the two things you see first are you cannot sustain attention for very long. You compensate by becoming impulsive. So what happens with, paradoxically with chronic sleep restriction is people will be slow to respond, or lapse. And then they’ll be overly impulsive and maybe talk or interact a lot, and then suddenly be out of it again. And that instability in attention is the hallmark of sleep loss. But very close behind it, and equivalent to it, is your cognitive processing speed. You simply cannot think as fast and solve a problem as quickly when you’re sleep-deprived as when you’re not sleep-deprived.

Impulsiveness, inattention, and cognitive impairment is a powerful combination that anyone who is striving to meet a health goal or set up healthy habits would want to keep in check.  It makes sense that sleep would have a profound effect on sustaining an effective daily health pattern.

 

The Freakonomics of sleep: we’re not great at knowing how much we sleep

It turns out that people are not very good at knowing and reporting how much they sleep, according to Diane Lauderdale, Ph.D., an epidemiologist at the University of Chicago.

It’s quite difficult to get accurate information about people’s routine sleep behavior.  The obvious one is to ask people, “How much sleep do you usually get at night?” And that seems like it should be a great way to find out about sleep, just like if you ask people, “How tall are you?” or “How much do you weigh?” you get a pretty good answer. It turns out though, that sleep is hard. People don’t actually know the answer to that question… You’ll know that it took you awhile to go to sleep, but you might not be at all good at estimating how long it was, whether it was five minutes or 40 minutes. In addition, for many people, routines vary day-to-day. And so there’s not only the problem of not knowing on any one particular night how much sleep you got, but in answering a question about routine sleep behavior, not really having a good sense of how to average behaviors over days when in fact you don’t know how much you actually slept on any of them. One approach people in surveys unfortunately often resort to is just giving an answer which they think will be a well-accepted answer to the person interviewing them.

This is an interesting point from a research perspective, but it’s also supportive of the idea that tracking sleep via sleep monitoring devices is highly useful in developing and maintaining a restorative sleep practice.  Tracking certain behaviors around sleep helps you understand whether you’re currently making the best lifestyle choices to facilitate restorative sleep night after night. Also, tracking can provide objective information on what you’re actually doing versus what you think you’re doing, and the difference between these two can be large.

 

The Freakonomics of sleep: is “sleep-shaming” a fading trend?

Dubner refers to the “sleep is for suckers” mentality that some people seem to hold, and Diane Lauderdale elaborates in her interview.

There was a period, in the 80’s, 90’s when Margaret Thatcher, Bill Clinton bragged about only needing four hours or five hours of sleep.  And there was this period when being short sleepers was held up as evidence that you were leading an important life.

Admitting how little sleep you get can also be viewed as a form of bragging. A person is essentially aiming to signal genetic fitness by demonstrating performance during a handicap: “look how good I’m performing during these challenging conditions. Think about how well I’d do if I was at full capacity!”

As Dubner points out, we have all known people like this, who say things like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead” and are sleep-shaming the rest of us. However, Diane Lauderdale thinks this is a fading trend.

I think far fewer people brag about how little they’re sleeping. They’re more likely to be complaining about how little they’re sleeping and valuing sleep.

As the social stigma around sleep loss spreads, there will increasingly be a reluctance to brag about it. No one wants to be seen as slow, unreliable or a safety hazard.

With that being said, people who value sleep still say well-intentioned things like “I wish I had time to sleep well like you do,” to people who manage to consistently prioritize good sleep.  I know from personal experience that good health patterns around sleep, eating, exercise, etc. don’t happen by accident—they happen from conscious, sometimes creative, and completely do-able actions that we decide to take for ourselves.  So I think the sleep-shaming trend is moving in the right direction. More so than ever before, the social perception is that it’s smart to get sleep, which is accurate. Soon, bragging about sleep loss will be equivalent to bragging about poor hygiene, and that social stigma might actually help people do right by themselves.